diff --git a/apps/agente-ia/src/services/api.ts b/apps/agente-ia/src/services/api.ts
index fcb4fd3..26e8387 100644
--- a/apps/agente-ia/src/services/api.ts
+++ b/apps/agente-ia/src/services/api.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import type { Mensaje, RespuestaChat } from '../types'
 
 // Cliente HTTP del API Gateway de FRASA (Express + Prisma)
-const API_URL = import.meta.env.VITE_API_URL ?? '/api'
+const API_URL = import.meta.env.VITE_API_URL || '/api'
 // TODO produccion: '/api' same-origin detras de NGINX
 
 import { conAuth, manejar401 } from './auth'
diff --git a/apps/alta-clientes/src/services/api.ts b/apps/alta-clientes/src/services/api.ts
index eeaaa10..bc9369f 100644
--- a/apps/alta-clientes/src/services/api.ts
+++ b/apps/alta-clientes/src/services/api.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import type { AltaCliente } from '../types'
 import { conAuth, manejar401 } from './auth'
 
-const API_URL = import.meta.env.VITE_API_URL ?? '/api'
+const API_URL = import.meta.env.VITE_API_URL || '/api'
 // TODO produccion: '/api' same-origin detras de NGINX
 
 export interface AltaClienteCreada {
diff --git a/apps/cobranza/src/services/api.ts b/apps/cobranza/src/services/api.ts
index 0e41bf5..8dcd5bf 100644
--- a/apps/cobranza/src/services/api.ts
+++ b/apps/cobranza/src/services/api.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // Cliente HTTP del API Gateway de FRASA (Express + Prisma)
-const API_URL = import.meta.env.VITE_API_URL ?? '/api'
+const API_URL = import.meta.env.VITE_API_URL || '/api'
 // TODO produccion: '/api' same-origin detras de NGINX
 
 import { conAuth, manejar401 } from './auth'
diff --git a/apps/cotizador/src/services/api.ts b/apps/cotizador/src/services/api.ts
index d700ece..d737f8a 100644
--- a/apps/cotizador/src/services/api.ts
+++ b/apps/cotizador/src/services/api.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { conAuth, manejar401 } from './auth'
 import { guardarUnidades, cargarUnidadesLocal } from './offline-db'
 
 // TODO produccion: '/api' same-origin detras de NGINX
-const API_URL = import.meta.env.VITE_API_URL ?? '/api'
+const API_URL = import.meta.env.VITE_API_URL || '/api'
 
 export { API_URL }
 
diff --git a/apps/dashboards/src/services/mi-dia.ts b/apps/dashboards/src/services/mi-dia.ts
index 8f13b8f..9b710ff 100644
--- a/apps/dashboards/src/services/mi-dia.ts
+++ b/apps/dashboards/src/services/mi-dia.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 import { conAuth, manejar401 } from './auth'
 import type { ResumenMiDia } from '../lib/mi-tablero'
 
-const API_URL = import.meta.env.VITE_API_URL ?? '/api'
+const API_URL = import.meta.env.VITE_API_URL || '/api'
 
 /** GET /mi-dia/resumen; lanza Error con mensaje legible si el API falla */
 export async function fetchResumenMiDia(): Promise<ResumenMiDia> {
diff --git a/apps/dashboards/src/services/reportes.ts b/apps/dashboards/src/services/reportes.ts
index bb3551c..b2881ad 100644
--- a/apps/dashboards/src/services/reportes.ts
+++ b/apps/dashboards/src/services/reportes.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 import { conAuth, manejar401 } from './auth'
 import type { ResumenReportes } from '../lib/reportes'
 
-const API_URL = import.meta.env.VITE_API_URL ?? '/api'
+const API_URL = import.meta.env.VITE_API_URL || '/api'
 
 /** GET /reportes/resumen; lanza Error con mensaje legible si el API falla */
 export async function fetchResumen(): Promise<ResumenReportes> {
diff --git a/apps/mi-dia/src/services/mi-dia.ts b/apps/mi-dia/src/services/mi-dia.ts
index 5dc75d3..8d40f97 100644
--- a/apps/mi-dia/src/services/mi-dia.ts
+++ b/apps/mi-dia/src/services/mi-dia.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 import type { ResumenMiDia } from '../lib/mi-dia'
 import { conAuth, manejar401 } from './auth'
 
-const API_URL = import.meta.env.VITE_API_URL ?? '/api'
+const API_URL = import.meta.env.VITE_API_URL || '/api'
 
 async function fetchJson<T>(path: string, init: RequestInit = {}): Promise<T> {
   const res = await fetch(`${API_URL}${path}`, conAuth(init))
diff --git a/apps/mi-dia/src/services/notas.ts b/apps/mi-dia/src/services/notas.ts
index d0f5f09..be0bb2f 100644
--- a/apps/mi-dia/src/services/notas.ts
+++ b/apps/mi-dia/src/services/notas.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { conAuth, manejar401 } from './auth'
 
-const API_URL = import.meta.env.VITE_API_URL ?? '/api'
+const API_URL = import.meta.env.VITE_API_URL || '/api'
 
 export interface NotaApartado {
   id: string
diff --git a/apps/mi-dia/src/services/push.ts b/apps/mi-dia/src/services/push.ts
index e5e36c6..3d62466 100644
--- a/apps/mi-dia/src/services/push.ts
+++ b/apps/mi-dia/src/services/push.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { conAuth, manejar401 } from './auth'
 
-const API_URL = import.meta.env.VITE_API_URL ?? '/api'
+const API_URL = import.meta.env.VITE_API_URL || '/api'
 
 /** Convierte la VAPID public key (base64url) a Uint8Array para PushManager */
 function urlBase64ToUint8Array(base64String: string): Uint8Array {
diff --git a/apps/mi-dia/src/services/recordatorios.ts b/apps/mi-dia/src/services/recordatorios.ts
index 846aa60..dc03c25 100644
--- a/apps/mi-dia/src/services/recordatorios.ts
+++ b/apps/mi-dia/src/services/recordatorios.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { conAuth, manejar401 } from './auth'
 
-const API_URL = import.meta.env.VITE_API_URL ?? '/api'
+const API_URL = import.meta.env.VITE_API_URL || '/api'
 
 export interface Recordatorio {
   id: string
diff --git a/apps/mi-dia/src/services/reporte-mi-tablero.ts b/apps/mi-dia/src/services/reporte-mi-tablero.ts
index 95884d7..ca290da 100644
--- a/apps/mi-dia/src/services/reporte-mi-tablero.ts
+++ b/apps/mi-dia/src/services/reporte-mi-tablero.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { conAuth, manejar401 } from './auth'
 
-const API_URL = import.meta.env.VITE_API_URL ?? '/api'
+const API_URL = import.meta.env.VITE_API_URL || '/api'
 
 async function fetchJson<T>(path: string, init: RequestInit = {}): Promise<T> {
   const res = await fetch(`${API_URL}${path}`, conAuth(init))